Case Citation
Legal Case Name

DALTON v. EDUC. TESTING SERV. Case Brief

Court of Appeals of the State of New York1995
87 N.Y.2d 384 663 N.E.2d 289 639 N.Y.S.2d 977

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Case Brief Summary & Legal Analysis

General Brief
3 min read

tl;dr: ETS breached its contract with a test-taker by failing to consider his evidence in good faith when questioning his SAT score. The court ordered ETS to reconsider the evidence, not to release the score.

Legal Significance: Affirms the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in standardized testing contracts, requiring genuine consideration of a test-taker’s evidence, but limits judicial remedy to enforcing contractual process, not dictating substantive outcomes.

DALTON v. EDUC. TESTING SERV. Law School Study Guide

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Case Facts & Court Holding

Key Facts & Case Background

Brian Dalton’s SAT score increased 410 points between two sittings. Educational Testing Service (ETS), per its contract (Registration Bulletin), questioned the validity due to the large score difference and disparate handwriting analysis. The contract allowed Dalton to submit additional information. Dalton provided evidence including medical documentation for his first test performance, consistent diagnostic test results from a prep course, proctor and student statements confirming his presence at the second test, and a handwriting expert’s report concluding he authored both answer sheets. ETS, after review by its Board of Review and a second handwriting expert who concurred with the first, maintained its decision to cancel the score. The trial court found ETS failed to act in good faith by not genuinely evaluating Dalton’s submitted information, believing his presence irrelevant and only a retest could validate the score. The Appellate Division affirmed, finding ETS ignored Dalton’s documentation. Both lower courts ordered ETS to release the score.

Court Holding & Legal Precedent

Issue: Did ETS breach its contractual obligation, including the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, by failing to genuinely consider relevant information submitted by the test-taker to validate a questioned SAT score, and if so, is the appropriate remedy specific performance compelling release of the score or compelling good-faith reconsideration?

Yes, ETS breached its contract by failing to consider in good faith Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commod

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IRAC Legal Analysis

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Legal Issue

Did ETS breach its contractual obligation, including the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, by failing to genuinely consider relevant information submitted by the test-taker to validate a questioned SAT score, and if so, is the appropriate remedy specific performance compelling release of the score or compelling good-faith reconsideration?

Conclusion

This case underscores that the implied covenant of good faith requires genuine, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Ex

Legal Rule

Implicit in all contracts is a covenant of good faith and fair Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui off

Legal Analysis

The Court of Appeals held that Dalton's agreement with ETS, embodied in Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna

Flash-to-Full Case Opinions

Flash Summary

  • A contract between a test-taker and a testing agency (like ETS)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, s

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