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HOFFMAN v. SUPPLEMENTS TOGO MGT. Case Brief
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Case Brief Summary & Legal Analysis
tl;dr: An online seller’s “submerged” forum selection clause, not visible without scrolling, was held presumptively unenforceable. The court found the buyer did not receive reasonable notice of the term, preventing the mutual assent required for it to become part of the contract.
Legal Significance: Establishes that for online contract terms to be enforceable, they must be presented in a “fair and forthright fashion” that provides reasonable notice; “submerged” terms in a “browsewrap” agreement are presumptively unenforceable due to a lack of mutual assent.
HOFFMAN v. SUPPLEMENTS TOGO MGT. Law School Study Guide
Use this case brief structure for your own legal analysis. Focus on the IRAC methodology to excel in law school exams and cold calls.
Case Facts & Court Holding
Key Facts & Case Background
Plaintiff purchased a dietary supplement from defendants’ website. After adding the product to his electronic “shopping cart,” he proceeded to checkout. A disclaimer containing a forum selection clause requiring litigation in Nevada was located on the product page, but it was “submerged,” meaning it was not visible on the computer screen unless the user scrolled down past the “ADD TO SHOPPING CART” button. Clicking the button took the user to a new page without the disclaimer. Plaintiff filed suit in New Jersey, alleging consumer fraud. Defendants moved to dismiss, citing the forum selection clause. Plaintiff argued he never saw the clause and thus never assented to it. The trial court enforced the clause, finding plaintiff manifested agreement to all terms by completing the purchase.
Court Holding & Legal Precedent
Issue: Is a forum selection clause contained in a “submerged” portion of a seller’s website, which a consumer would not see without scrolling down, enforceable as part of an online purchase contract?
No. The forum selection clause is presumptively unenforceable. The court reversed the Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute iru
IRAC Legal Analysis
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IRAC (Issue, Rule, Analysis, Conclusion) is the exact format professors want to see in your exam answers. Our exclusive Flash-to-Full briefs combine holding, analysis, and rule statements formatted to match what A+ students produce in exams. These structured briefs help reinforce the essential legal reasoning patterns expected in law school.
Legal Issue
Is a forum selection clause contained in a “submerged” portion of a seller’s website, which a consumer would not see without scrolling down, enforceable as part of an online purchase contract?
Conclusion
This case clarifies the standard for incorporating terms in online "browsewrap" agreements, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqu
Legal Rule
For a term in an online agreement to be enforceable, the party Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. E
Legal Analysis
The court applied fundamental contract principles of mutual assent to the modern Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate veli
Flash-to-Full Case Opinions
Flash Summary
- A forum selection clause on a website is presumptively unenforceable if