Case Citation
Legal Case Name

United States v. White Case Brief

Supreme Court of the United States1971Docket #1163389
28 L. Ed. 2d 453 91 S. Ct. 1122 401 U.S. 745 1971 U.S. LEXIS 132 Constitutional Law Criminal Procedure Evidence

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Case Brief Summary & Legal Analysis

General Brief
4 min read

tl;dr: The Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment does not protect a person’s conversations with a government informant who is secretly transmitting the conversation to police. The defendant assumes the risk that their confidant may be reporting to the government, with or without electronic aid.

Legal Significance: This case established the “assumption of risk” or “misplaced trust” doctrine for electronic surveillance with the consent of one party. It holds that a warrant is not required when an informant secretly records or transmits a conversation, distinguishing it from the non-consensual eavesdropping in Katz.

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Case Facts & Court Holding

Key Facts & Case Background

Respondent James A. White was convicted of illegal narcotics transactions based on evidence obtained through a government informant, Harvey Jackson. On eight occasions, Jackson engaged in conversations with White while wearing a concealed radio transmitter. Government agents, without a warrant, monitored these transmissions in real-time using a radio receiver, overhearing incriminating statements made by White. The conversations occurred in various locations, including the informant’s home, White’s home, a restaurant, and the informant’s car. At trial, the prosecution was unable to produce the informant, Jackson. The trial court, over White’s Fourth Amendment objections, allowed the government agents who had conducted the electronic surveillance to testify about the contents of the overheard conversations. The Court of Appeals reversed the conviction, holding that the Supreme Court’s decision in Katz v. United States rendered such warrantless surveillance unconstitutional.

Court Holding & Legal Precedent

Issue: Does the Fourth Amendment bar the admission of testimony from government agents who, without a warrant, overheard conversations between a defendant and a government informant by monitoring a radio transmitter concealed on the informant’s person?

No. In a plurality opinion, the Court held that the agents’ testimony Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in c

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IRAC Legal Analysis

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Legal Issue

Does the Fourth Amendment bar the admission of testimony from government agents who, without a warrant, overheard conversations between a defendant and a government informant by monitoring a radio transmitter concealed on the informant’s person?

Conclusion

*United States v. White* solidified the "third-party doctrine" for electronic surveillance, establishing Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit es

Legal Rule

The Fourth Amendment does not protect a person's misplaced belief that a Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui offic

Legal Analysis

The plurality opinion, authored by Justice White, applied the "assumption of risk" Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris

Flash-to-Full Case Opinions

Flash Summary

  • The Fourth Amendment does not protect conversations with a government informant
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat no

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