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Simple English definitions for legal terms

doctrine of equivalents

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A quick definition of doctrine of equivalents:

The doctrine of equivalents is a legal rule that allows a patent holder to claim infringement even if every element of their invention is not exactly the same in the allegedly infringing product. This is to prevent someone from copying a patented invention by making only minor changes while keeping the same function. To determine if something is equivalent, each element of the patent claim must be analyzed to see if it has an identical or equivalent element in the accused product. The substitute element must match the function, way, and result of the claimed element. The evaluation is done at the time of infringement, not when the patent was issued.

A more thorough explanation:

The doctrine of equivalents is a legal principle that allows a patent holder to claim infringement even if every element of their invention is not present in an allegedly infringing product. The purpose of this doctrine is to prevent an infringer from making minor changes to a patented invention and still benefiting from its functionality.

For example, if a patent holder invents a new type of screwdriver with a unique handle and a specific type of head, an infringing product that uses a different handle but the same type of head may still be considered an infringement under the doctrine of equivalents.

The doctrine of equivalents is determined by a "triple identity" test, which requires that the accused product or process performs substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain the same result as the patented invention. This means that each individual element of a claim must be analyzed to determine if it is present in the accused product or process.

For example, if a patent holder invents a new type of battery with a specific chemical composition, an infringing product that uses a different chemical composition but still produces the same amount of power may still be considered an infringement under the doctrine of equivalents.

The doctrine of equivalents is evaluated at the time of infringement, not at the time the patent was issued. This means that subsequent changes in technology may challenge the definition of previously essential elements or limitations present in the original invention.

doctrine of discovery | doctrine of incorporation by reference

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my mom is coming up to ithaca to bring me thanksgiving food :)
my dad was going to come too but he got called into emergency meetings
babycat
12:04
I used to really like those built puffed bars (sounds like a vape lol) but their protein source is collagen and supposedly collagen doesn’t contribute to muscle building the way other forms of protein do
shaquilleoatmeal
12:04
a real mom, better give her lots of love
JumpySubsequentDolphin
12:05
@babycat: I don’t even know if your body can absorb collagen
shaquilleoatmeal
12:05
im such a mommas boy, proud of it too lmao but i think the girls i date hate it because my mom expects so much from then lmao
shaquilleoatmeal
12:05
them*
JumpySubsequentDolphin
12:06
like it gets broken down into little amino acids but the jury’s still out on whether that actually contributes to increased collagen levels. some people say it stimulates the production of collagen but i dont think theres any conclusive evidence that it does that
shaquilleoatmeal
12:07
that collagen shit is probably all marketing just to target gym girls
babycat
12:09
I mean they say the bar has like 17g of protein and it’s pretty low cal and tastes good but I just don’t think you can call it a protein bar if the source is collagen
JumpySubsequentDolphin
12:10
makes me so mad when I see collagen in skincare
shaq heck yeah family is the most important :) and yes collagen is worthless your body breaks it down into amino acids and it has zero unique value, plus collagen doesn't have all the essential aminos so it's worse than whey
12:17
anyone here drink egg whites straight from the carton? I tried eating like ten whole raw eggs and it was a struggle. This looks manageable imo: https://www.youtube.com/shorts/f5xPX3a6zTA?feature=share
shaquilleoatmeal
12:18
what do yall usually have at Thanksgiving? Im sure we all got the classics but wonder if you guys got anything unique
JumpySubsequentDolphin
12:19
my mom usually makes lamb for people who don’t like turkey
shaquilleoatmeal
12:21
im grabbing both lol id be greedy, lamb is so good
12:25
ditto, lamb is underrated. cranberry fluff for me not sure if unique or nah
babycat
12:26
૮ ˶ᵔ ᵕ ᵔ˶ ა how my cat thinks he looks sitting on my porch with a half eaten rat in his mouth
shaquilleoatmeal
12:30
your cat heard the protein convo and wanted to chime in
shaquilleoatmeal
12:31
never had cran fluff, someone in boston might kick you out if that was brought lmao cranberry is sacred here
12:34
the NE does produce a lot. how do u prepare them?
JumpySubsequentDolphin
12:35
@llama: I’ve never heard of this before
babycat
12:40
sometimes I google myself to make sure my digital footprint is still looking good
babycat
12:41
this one sorority girl with my name who loves smoking weed is kinda screwing things up for me
shaquilleoatmeal
12:41
@llama: buy the cranberries and boil them, freshest way to have them. Some lazy ahh people buy the can even on tgiving smh
shaquilleoatmeal
12:41
@babycat: let me google you, i'll tell you if anything crazy comes up ;)
babycat
12:41
nuh uh i’m a good girl
12:47
despite WI leading in production, the bag says packaged in MA. IG cranberries are good for UTIs. Caned is more of a sugary jelly imo which is disrespectful of their tart distinct flavor profile
JumpySubsequentDolphin
12:52
everybody knows that I’m a good girl officer
babycat
13:05
okay guys it's time for me to lock in
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