Legal Definitions - federation

A federation describes a system of government where multiple self-governing states, regions, or other political entities come together to form a larger union under a single, overarching central government.

In this arrangement, the central government holds significant authority over matters of national importance, such as defense, foreign policy, and currency. However, the individual states or regions retain substantial power and autonomy to govern their own local affairs, including areas like education, local laws, and public services. This structure creates a balance, allowing for national unity while preserving regional diversity and self-governance.

• Example 1: The United States of America

  The United States operates as a federation. The federal government, based in Washington D.C., is responsible for national issues like defense, foreign relations, and regulating interstate commerce. At the same time, each of the 50 individual states (such as California or Texas) has its own constitution, legislature, and governor, allowing it to create laws and manage services specific to its residents, including education, local policing, and intrastate transportation. This clearly shows the division of power between a strong central authority and autonomous regional entities.

• Example 2: The Federal Republic of Germany

  Germany is another prominent example of a federation. It is composed of 16 states, known as Länder. The federal government in Berlin sets national laws, manages foreign policy, and oversees the national economy. Meanwhile, each Land has its own government and parliament, which are responsible for areas like education, cultural policy, and local law enforcement within their respective territories. This structure ensures that while Germany operates as a unified nation, the diverse needs and preferences of its regions are also addressed through their retained powers.