Legal Definitions - international conventions

International conventions are formal agreements or treaties established between two or more countries. These agreements serve as a framework for cooperation, setting out rules, rights, and obligations that the signatory nations agree to uphold. They can cover a vast range of topics, from trade and environmental protection to human rights and security.

Conventions can involve just two countries (known as bilateral conventions) or many countries (known as multilateral conventions). Sometimes, a convention involves a small group of more than two countries, which are called plurilateral conventions.

It's important to note that even when the United States signs and agrees to an international convention, it doesn't automatically become enforceable law within the U.S. legal system. For a convention to have legal force domestically, it must either be designed to be "self-executing" (meaning it takes effect without further action) or Congress must pass specific legislation to implement it.

Here are some examples of how international conventions apply:

• Global Climate Agreement: Imagine a scenario where over 190 nations sign an agreement committing to specific targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and investing in renewable energy technologies. This agreement outlines shared responsibilities and mechanisms for monitoring progress.

  This is a multilateral international convention because it is a formal agreement between a large number of sovereign states, establishing common goals and obligations regarding a global environmental issue. Each country commits to specific actions to achieve the convention's objectives, demonstrating international cooperation on a shared challenge.

• Cross-Border Law Enforcement Treaty: Two neighboring countries sign a treaty to facilitate the extradition of criminals, share intelligence on drug trafficking, and coordinate joint operations along their shared border.

  This is a bilateral international convention. It's a specific agreement between two countries designed to facilitate cooperation on a particular issue (law enforcement and justice) and outlines the terms under which they will work together, including sharing information and resources to combat crime that crosses national boundaries.

• Protection of Endangered Species: A group of countries, particularly those with diverse ecosystems, signs a convention agreeing to regulate the international trade of endangered plant and animal species, establish protected areas, and cooperate on conservation efforts.

  This represents a multilateral international convention. It's an agreement among multiple states to establish common standards and responsibilities for safeguarding biodiversity and preventing the extinction of vulnerable species. This demonstrates a commitment to environmental protection that extends beyond individual national borders.