Case Citation
Legal Case Name

Brandenburg v. Ohio Case Brief

Supreme Court of the United States1969Docket #346464
23 L. Ed. 2d 430 89 S. Ct. 1827 395 U.S. 444 1969 U.S. LEXIS 1367 48 Ohio Op. 2d 320 Constitutional Law First Amendment Law Criminal Law

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Case Brief Summary & Legal Analysis

General Brief
3 min read

tl;dr: A Ku Klux Klan leader was convicted for inflammatory speech. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the government cannot punish abstract advocacy of violence unless it is directed at inciting, and is likely to incite, imminent lawless action.

Legal Significance: This case established the “imminent lawless action” test, the modern standard for restricting speech that advocates for violence. It significantly strengthened First Amendment protections for political speech by replacing the less-protective “clear and present danger” test and explicitly overruling Whitney v. California.

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Case Facts & Court Holding

Key Facts & Case Background

Clarence Brandenburg, a leader of a Ku Klux Klan group, organized and spoke at a rally in rural Ohio. He invited a television news crew to film the event. The footage showed 12 hooded figures, some carrying firearms, gathered around a burning cross. In a speech, Brandenburg made derogatory remarks about Black and Jewish people and stated that if the U.S. government continued to “suppress the white, Caucasian race, it’s possible that there might have to be some revengeance taken.” He also announced a future march on Washington, D.C. Based on these filmed statements, Brandenburg was convicted under the Ohio Criminal Syndicalism Act, which prohibited advocating for “crime, sabotage, violence, or unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing industrial or political reform.” The conviction rested solely on the content of his speech.

Court Holding & Legal Precedent

Issue: Does a state criminal syndicalism statute that punishes the mere advocacy of violence, without distinguishing whether such advocacy is directed to inciting and is likely to incite imminent lawless action, violate the free speech protections of the First and Fourteenth Amendments?

Yes. The Ohio statute is unconstitutional because it punishes mere advocacy and Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillu

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IRAC Legal Analysis

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Legal Issue

Does a state criminal syndicalism statute that punishes the mere advocacy of violence, without distinguishing whether such advocacy is directed to inciting and is likely to incite imminent lawless action, violate the free speech protections of the First and Fourteenth Amendments?

Conclusion

*Brandenburg* established the modern, highly speech-protective "imminent lawless action" test, which remains Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis

Legal Rule

The constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit i

Legal Analysis

In a landmark *per curiam* opinion, the Supreme Court established a new, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed

Flash-to-Full Case Opinions

Flash Summary

  • The government cannot punish advocacy of force unless the speech is
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate

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