Case Citation
Legal Case Name

Cottage Savings Assn. v. Commissioner Case Brief

Supreme Court of the United States1991Docket #1823775
113 L. Ed. 2d 589 111 S. Ct. 1503 499 U.S. 554 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2224 91 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 2736 59 U.S.L.W. 4314 91 Daily Journal DAR 4403 67 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 808 Tax Administrative Law Corporations

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Case Brief Summary & Legal Analysis

General Brief
4 min read

tl;dr: A savings and loan exchanged a pool of devalued mortgages for a similar pool from another lender. The Court held this was a taxable event, allowing the S&L to realize and deduct its losses because the underlying loans, having different debtors and collateral, were ‘materially different’ legal entitlements.

Legal Significance: Established that for tax purposes, properties are ‘materially different’—triggering a realization event under I.R.C. § 1001(a)—if they confer legally distinct entitlements, regardless of whether they are economic substitutes. This provides a clear, formalistic test for realization.

Cottage Savings Assn. v. Commissioner Law School Study Guide

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Case Facts & Court Holding

Key Facts & Case Background

Petitioner Cottage Savings Association (Cottage Savings), a savings and loan (S&L), held numerous long-term, low-interest mortgages that had significantly declined in fair market value. To realize tax-deductible losses without violating regulatory accounting rules that would threaten its solvency, Cottage Savings utilized a directive from the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB), Memorandum R-49. This memorandum permitted S&Ls to exchange mortgages for ‘substantially identical’ mortgages held by other lenders without having to report the losses on their regulatory books. On December 31, 1980, Cottage Savings sold 90% participation interests in a pool of 252 mortgages and simultaneously purchased 90% participation interests in a pool of 305 mortgages from other S&Ls. The mortgage pools were matched according to the ten criteria in Memorandum R-49 to ensure they were ‘substantially identical’ in terms of economic characteristics. However, the exchanged participation interests were derived from loans made to different obligors and secured by different parcels of real property. Cottage Savings claimed a tax deduction of over $2.4 million, representing the difference between the face value of the interests it relinquished and their fair market value. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue disallowed the deduction, arguing no realization event had occurred.

Court Holding & Legal Precedent

Issue: Does an exchange of mortgage participation interests for another pool of interests that are ‘substantially identical’ for regulatory purposes but derive from different loans with different obligors and collateral constitute a ‘disposition of property’ under I.R.C. § 1001(a), thereby triggering the realization of a deductible loss?

Yes. The exchange of mortgage participation interests was a realization event under Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur

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Legal Issue

Does an exchange of mortgage participation interests for another pool of interests that are ‘substantially identical’ for regulatory purposes but derive from different loans with different obligors and collateral constitute a ‘disposition of property’ under I.R.C. § 1001(a), thereby triggering the realization of a deductible loss?

Conclusion

The decision establishes a clear, formalistic, and administrable test for realization under Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nis

Legal Rule

An exchange of property gives rise to a realization event under I.R.C. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in r

Legal Analysis

The Court first affirmed the validity of Treasury Regulation § 1.1001-1, which Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, c

Flash-to-Full Case Opinions

Flash Summary

  • An exchange of property triggers a taxable gain or loss under
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint

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