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Law School Case Briefs
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TL;DR: A man gave a shy co-worker a "friendly, unsolicited hug," causing unexpected paralysis. The court ruled the act could be negligence, not just an intentional tort (battery), because the severe harm was not "substantially certain" to occur.
Legal Significance: Establishes that for an act to be an intentional tort, the actor must intend the contact or be substantially certain it will occur. A mere foreseeable risk of harm, even from an intentional act, sounds in negligence, not battery.