Case Citation
Legal Case Name

OZAWA v. UNITED STATES Case Brief

Supreme Court of United States1922
260 U.S. 178 43 S.Ct. 65 67 L.Ed. 199 Immigration Law Constitutional Law Administrative Law

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Case Brief Summary & Legal Analysis

General Brief
4 min read

tl;dr: The Supreme Court held that a Japanese man, despite being highly qualified and assimilated, was racially ineligible for U.S. citizenship. The Court interpreted the naturalization statute’s requirement of being a “free white person” to exclude individuals of the Japanese race based on popular racial classifications.

Legal Significance: This case established that racial eligibility for U.S. naturalization was determined by the “common understanding” of race, equating “white persons” with Caucasians. It affirmed Congress’s power to set racial prerequisites for citizenship and solidified a racially exclusionary interpretation of naturalization law for decades.

OZAWA v. UNITED STATES Law School Study Guide

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Case Facts & Court Holding

Key Facts & Case Background

Takao Ozawa, a man of the Japanese race born in Japan, petitioned for U.S. citizenship in the Territory of Hawaii. At the time of his application, Ozawa had resided in the United States for twenty years. He was a graduate of an American high school, had attended the University of California for three years, spoke English in his home, and educated his children in American schools. His character and qualifications for citizenship were not in dispute and were conceded by the government. The United States opposed his petition on the sole ground that he was racially ineligible for naturalization. The governing statute, Revised Statutes § 2169, limited naturalization to “free white persons” and persons of African nativity or descent. The District Court denied his petition, finding that being of the Japanese race, he did not qualify as a “free white person.” The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals certified the question of his eligibility to the Supreme Court.

Court Holding & Legal Precedent

Issue: Under the prevailing naturalization statutes, is a person of the Japanese race, who is otherwise qualified, eligible for United States citizenship as a “free white person”?

No. The Court held that a person of the Japanese race is Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non p

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IRAC Legal Analysis

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Legal Issue

Under the prevailing naturalization statutes, is a person of the Japanese race, who is otherwise qualified, eligible for United States citizenship as a “free white person”?

Conclusion

Ozawa solidified a racially restrictive interpretation of U.S. naturalization law, establishing a Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit

Legal Rule

The Naturalization Act of 1906 is limited by Revised Statutes § 2169, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute

Legal Analysis

The Court's analysis proceeded in two parts. First, it determined that the Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut

Flash-to-Full Case Opinions

Flash Summary

  • The Naturalization Act of 1906 did not eliminate the racial prerequisites
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse

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A 'reasonable person' is a legal fiction I'm pretty sure I've never met.

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