Case Citation
Legal Case Name

Whitcomb v. Chavis Case Brief

Supreme Court of the United States1971Docket #642722
29 L. Ed. 2d 363 91 S. Ct. 1858 403 U.S. 124 1971 U.S. LEXIS 125 Constitutional Law Election Law Federal Courts

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Case Brief Summary & Legal Analysis

General Brief
4 min read

tl;dr: The Supreme Court held that an Indiana multi-member legislative district did not unconstitutionally dilute the votes of a racial minority. The Court found no proof the group was denied political access, reasoning that simply losing elections does not violate the Equal Protection Clause.

Legal Significance: Established a high evidentiary standard for vote dilution challenges to multi-member districts. Challengers must prove the electoral system denies a minority group access to the political process, not merely that the group experiences political defeat or lacks proportional representation.

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Case Facts & Court Holding

Key Facts & Case Background

Plaintiffs, residents of a predominantly African American area in Marion County, Indiana, challenged the county’s use of a multi-member, at-large system for electing its 8 state senators and 15 state representatives. They alleged this system unconstitutionally diluted their voting strength in violation of the Equal Protection Clause by allowing their votes to be consistently ‘cancelled out’ by the county’s white majority. A three-judge District Court agreed, finding that an identifiable racial minority with distinct legislative interests resided in a ‘ghetto’ area. The court noted a significant disparity between the area’s share of the county population (17.8%) and the percentage of legislators who resided there (approx. 5-6%). Based on this, and the influence of political parties on nominations, the District Court concluded the system minimized the group’s voting strength and ordered the creation of single-member districts. The state appealed to the Supreme Court.

Court Holding & Legal Precedent

Issue: Does a multi-member legislative district that results in fewer resident legislators from a racial minority area than the area’s population would suggest violate the Equal Protection Clause, absent proof that the minority group is denied access to the political process?

No, the Marion County multi-member district does not violate the Equal Protection Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex e

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Legal Issue

Does a multi-member legislative district that results in fewer resident legislators from a racial minority area than the area’s population would suggest violate the Equal Protection Clause, absent proof that the minority group is denied access to the political process?

Conclusion

This case established a high bar for proving unconstitutional vote dilution, requiring Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure do

Legal Rule

Multi-member districts are not per se unconstitutional. To invalidate such a district Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deseru

Legal Analysis

The Court's analysis centered on distinguishing between unconstitutional vote dilution and mere Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia

Flash-to-Full Case Opinions

Flash Summary

  • Multi-member legislative districts are not per se unconstitutional under the Equal
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore

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