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CONNECTICUT v. TEAL
Supreme Court of United States (1982) | 457 U.S. 440; 102 S.Ct. 2525; 73 L.Ed.2d 130
TL;DR: An employer used a promotion test that disproportionately failed Black candidates. The Supreme Court held that even though the employer's final promotion numbers were racially balanced, the discriminatory test itself violated Title VII because it denied individuals an employment opportunity.
Legal Significance: This case establishes that a favorable "bottom-line" outcome in a hiring or promotion process is not a defense to a claim that a specific component of that process, such as a test, has an unlawful disparate impact under Title VII.