Legal Definitions - genetic fingerprinting

Genetic fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling or DNA identification, is a scientific technique used to identify individuals by analyzing unique patterns in their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Just like traditional fingerprints, each person's DNA contains distinct regions that vary significantly from one individual to another (with the exception of identical twins). By examining these specific variations, scientists can create a unique genetic profile that can be used for identification, establishing biological relationships, or linking individuals to biological samples.

Here are some examples of how genetic fingerprinting is applied:

• Criminal Investigations: Imagine a situation where a small amount of saliva is found on a discarded cigarette butt at the scene of a robbery. Forensic scientists can extract DNA from this saliva and use genetic fingerprinting to create a unique DNA profile. This profile can then be compared against DNA samples from suspects or against profiles stored in a national DNA database. If a match is found, it provides strong evidence linking a specific individual to the crime scene, helping law enforcement identify and prosecute offenders.

• Paternity and Maternity Testing: Consider a legal case where the biological father of a child needs to be definitively identified for child support or inheritance purposes. DNA samples are collected from the child, the mother, and the alleged father. Genetic fingerprinting is performed on all samples to compare specific genetic markers. Since a child inherits half of its DNA from each biological parent, a match in these unique genetic patterns between the child and the alleged father can conclusively establish paternity, providing clear evidence for the court.

• Identification of Human Remains: Following a tragic accident or disaster, several human remains might be recovered that are unidentifiable through conventional means. DNA can be extracted from tissues like bone, teeth, or hair from these remains, and a genetic profile can be created using genetic fingerprinting. This profile can then be compared against DNA samples provided by family members of missing persons, or against DNA from personal items (such as a toothbrush or hairbrush) known to belong to a missing individual. A match can positively identify the deceased, bringing closure to families.