Legal Definitions - rational-relationship test

The rational-relationship test (also known as the rational-basis test) is a standard used by courts to determine whether a law or government action is constitutional. It is the lowest level of judicial scrutiny and applies when a law does not involve a "suspect classification" (such as race, religion, or national origin) or a "fundamental right" (such as freedom of speech or the right to vote).

Under this test, a law or government action is presumed to be constitutional and will be upheld if it meets two conditions:

• The government must have a legitimate government purpose for the law. This purpose does not need to be compelling or even particularly important; it just needs to be a valid objective that government can pursue.
• The law must be rationally related to achieving that legitimate purpose. The means chosen by the government do not need to be the best or most effective way to achieve the goal, only that there is a reasonable connection between the law and the objective.

In practice, laws reviewed under the rational-relationship test are almost always upheld, as courts give significant deference to legislative bodies and government agencies.

Here are some examples:

• Example 1: Professional Licensing Requirements

  A state passes a law requiring all individuals who wish to become licensed electricians to complete a minimum of 8,000 hours of apprenticeship training and pass a comprehensive examination. A group of aspiring electricians challenges this law, arguing that the requirements are overly burdensome.

  How it illustrates the term: A court applying the rational-relationship test would likely uphold this law. The state has a legitimate government purpose in protecting public safety and ensuring that electrical work is performed competently to prevent hazards like fires or electrocution. The requirement for extensive training and a rigorous exam is rationally related to achieving this purpose by ensuring that licensed electricians possess the necessary skills and knowledge.

• Example 2: Local Zoning Ordinance

  A city council enacts a zoning ordinance that prohibits the operation of commercial businesses in residential neighborhoods, allowing only single-family homes and small parks. A homeowner who wishes to open a small home-based bakery challenges the ordinance.

  How it illustrates the term: Under the rational-relationship test, this zoning ordinance would likely be found constitutional. The city has a legitimate government purpose in preserving the residential character of neighborhoods, reducing traffic congestion, maintaining property values, and ensuring peace and quiet for residents. Prohibiting commercial businesses in these areas is rationally related to these goals, as it helps prevent increased noise, traffic, and other disruptions that commercial operations might bring.

• Example 3: Public Health Regulation

  A county health department issues a regulation requiring all restaurants to maintain food at specific temperatures (e.g., cold foods below 40°F and hot foods above 140°F) to prevent bacterial growth. A restaurant owner argues that these specific temperature requirements are too strict and costly to implement.

  How it illustrates the term: A court would apply the rational-relationship test here. The county has a clear legitimate government purpose in protecting public health and preventing foodborne illnesses. Requiring specific temperature controls for food storage and service is rationally related to this purpose, as it directly addresses known methods for inhibiting bacterial growth and ensuring food safety for consumers.