Legal Definitions - senatus consulto

Senatus consulto is a Latin term from ancient Roman law that translates to "by the decree of the Senate." It refers to a formal decision, resolution, or directive issued by the Roman Senate. While these decrees initially served as advice to magistrates, they often carried significant moral authority and practical influence, eventually gaining considerable legal weight and shaping Roman governance and public policy.

Here are some examples illustrating the application of a senatus consulto:

• Imagine a situation where a major public building in Rome, such as a temple or a public bathhouse, falls into disrepair. The Roman Senate might debate the matter and then issue a senatus consulto. This decree would formally authorize the allocation of public funds and resources for the building's restoration, directing the relevant officials to oversee the project. This illustrates the Senate using its decree-making power to initiate and fund public works.

• Consider a newly conquered territory that has been organized into a Roman province. The Senate would often issue a senatus consulto to establish the framework for its administration. This decree might outline the powers and duties of the provincial governor, specify the types of taxes to be levied, or define the legal status of the local inhabitants. This demonstrates the Senate's role in setting administrative policy and governance structures for Roman territories.

• During a time of public unrest or a severe crisis, such as a widespread famine or a military threat, the Senate could issue a senatus consulto to address the emergency. For instance, a decree might grant extraordinary powers to a consul or a specific magistrate to take immediate action, such as purchasing large quantities of grain from abroad to alleviate a food shortage or mobilizing additional legions to defend the borders. This shows the Senate's authority in responding to critical situations and maintaining public order.