Legal Definitions - supplicium

In Roman law, *supplicium* refers to a punishment, deriving from the Latin word for "atonement." It broadly encompassed various forms of penalty. A specific and severe form, *ultimum supplicium*, denoted the death penalty.

Supplicium is a term originating from Roman law that refers to a punishment. It generally denotes a severe penalty, often involving physical suffering, public humiliation, or the deprivation of liberty or life. The most extreme form of this punishment was known as ultimum supplicium, which specifically meant the death penalty.

Here are some examples illustrating the concept of supplicium:

• Example 1: Public Flogging for Theft
  Imagine a scenario in ancient Rome where a citizen is caught stealing grain from a public granary. A magistrate might order a public flogging, where the offender is whipped in the forum, or perhaps sentenced to a period of hard labor on a public works project. This physical chastisement and forced labor, intended to deter future crime and uphold social order, would be considered a form of supplicium.

  Explanation: This example illustrates supplicium as a direct, often physical, punishment imposed for a transgression, serving as a deterrent and a consequence for breaking the law.

• Example 2: Exile for Political Conspiracy
  Consider a Roman senator found guilty of plotting against the Republic. Instead of execution, the Senate might decree that he be exiled from Rome and all its territories for a period of ten years, confiscating a significant portion of his property. This forced removal from his home, family, and political life, coupled with financial loss, was a severe penalty.

  Explanation: Here, supplicium is demonstrated as a severe punishment that deprives an individual of their liberty, status, and property, even if it doesn't involve direct physical harm or death.

• Example 3: Crucifixion for Treason
  For the gravest offenses, such as leading a rebellion against the Roman Empire or committing high treason, the state might impose ultimum supplicium. A common method for this was crucifixion, a prolonged and agonizing public execution. This ultimate penalty served as a stark warning to others and a definitive end to the offender's life.

  Explanation: This example clearly shows ultimum supplicium, the most extreme form of supplicium, which is the death penalty, applied for the most serious crimes against the state.