Legal Definitions - unitary state

A unitary state is a country governed as a single entity where the central government holds ultimate authority. While there may be regional or local administrative divisions (like provinces, departments, or prefectures), these divisions only exercise powers that the central government chooses to delegate to them. The central government can also modify or revoke these delegated powers.

Here are some examples to illustrate this concept:

• France: France is a classic example of a unitary state. The national government in Paris holds the supreme legislative and executive power. While France has administrative divisions such as regions and departments, these entities do not have inherent constitutional powers independent of the central government. For instance, the central government dictates national education policy, healthcare standards, and major infrastructure projects across the entire country. Any powers exercised by local councils or regional assemblies are granted by the national parliament and can be altered or withdrawn by it.

  This illustrates a unitary state because all significant governmental authority ultimately resides with the central government, which can delegate or reclaim powers from sub-national units as it sees fit.

• Japan: Japan operates as a unitary state with a strong central government. The national government in Tokyo holds primary legislative and administrative power, and its authority extends uniformly across all 47 prefectures. While prefectural and municipal governments exist and manage local affairs, their powers are derived from and largely overseen by the central government. For example, national laws and policies on taxation, defense, and foreign relations are uniformly applied, and the central government often provides funding and sets guidelines for local services like public works and social welfare.

  This demonstrates a unitary state because the central government is the ultimate source of authority, and local administrative divisions operate within the framework and powers granted to them by the national government.