Legal Definitions - United States Geological Survey

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a principal scientific agency of the U.S. government, operating under the Department of the Interior. Its fundamental mission is to provide impartial scientific information about the Earth, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that affect it. The USGS conducts research, monitors conditions, and compiles data related to geology, water resources, ecosystems, and natural hazards like earthquakes and volcanoes. This information is then made publicly available through maps, scientific reports, and various data sets to help inform decision-making for resource management, public safety, and environmental protection.

• Example 1: A coastal community in California is developing new zoning regulations to account for potential sea-level rise and increased erosion. They would consult scientific projections and detailed topographic maps published by the USGS to understand the likely extent of future inundation and land loss. This illustrates how the USGS provides critical data and research on natural hazards and geological processes to aid local planning and mitigation efforts.

• Example 2: A state environmental agency is investigating the long-term effects of agricultural runoff on a major river system that supplies drinking water to several cities. They would rely on the USGS's extensive network of streamgages and water quality monitoring stations, as well as its scientific reports on watershed health and contaminant transport. This demonstrates the USGS's role in collecting and analyzing data on the nation's water resources to support environmental management and public health.

• Example 3: A mining company is exploring a new region for potential mineral deposits. Before investing heavily, they would review geological maps, geophysical surveys, and resource assessments published by the USGS. This information helps them understand the subsurface geology and the likelihood of finding valuable mineral resources, showcasing the USGS's function in compiling data on energy and mineral resources.