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Simple English definitions for legal terms

horizontal scheme

Read a random definition: Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)

A quick definition of horizontal scheme:

Horizontal scheme refers to illegal activities that occur between competitors in a market. These activities break antitrust laws and include price fixing, bid rigging, and market allocation. Price fixing is when competitors agree to set or maintain prices at a certain level. Bid rigging is when companies agree in advance to determine the successful bidder for a project at a set price. Market allocation is when competitors agree to divide up a market between them instead of competing openly. These activities are illegal and can result in criminal prosecution. Evidence of meetings or communication between competitors can help detect these activities.

A more thorough explanation:

Horizontal scheme refers to illegal activities that occur between competitors in a market, which violate antitrust laws. These activities include:

  • Price fixing: When two or more competitors agree to set, raise, or maintain the prices of their goods or services at a certain level. This can happen at the wholesale or retail level.
  • Bid rigging: When companies agree in advance to determine the successful bidder for a project at a set price.
  • Market allocation: When competitors agree to divide up a market between them, rather than compete in an open market.

These activities are considered illegal and can result in criminal prosecution. The most effective way to detect these activities is through careful examination of records and evidence of meetings or communication between competitors.

For example, if two competing companies in the same industry agree to set the same price for their products, this is considered price fixing. This eliminates competition and can lead to higher prices for consumers. Similarly, if two companies agree to divide up a market between them, this limits consumer choice and can lead to higher prices as well.

homicide | hornbook law

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MIAMI A
[] AromaticTroubledDormouse
20:55
How does one know if they are UR1 or UR2?
[] AromaticTroubledDormouse
20:56
CONGRATS MACAQUE!
TY
got a random stanford email and almost had a heart attack
ALSO CONGRATS!
Congrats1!
21:15
Miami A, yall I'm so excited I could cry.
21:15
Feel like I can finally stop holding my breath!! Whew!!!
[] baddestbunny
22:16
every time I get accosted by a strange man who follows me around because my male coworkers were too busy talking to walk me back to my car I get closer to saying we need to bring back traditional gender roles
Dkk
22:32
Nice! @Macaque
Dkk
22:32
@Aromatic, Have to guess.
Dkk
22:33
That sucks @Bunny do you have to go to the hospital?
[] baddestbunny
22:40
I said accosted not assaulted
23:35
guys. my notre dame address just went long is this good or bad
1a2b3c4d26z
23:37
Oooooo me too
23:37
omg is this good or bad
Dkk
23:47
Idk if gender roles are gunna fix that then.
23:49
it looks like most people who applied in october last cycle didn't get a decision until january... does it even mean anything that our addresses went long??
hows ED 2 compared to ED 1?
Dkk
0:10
No idea
windyMagician
0:34
reporting live to say my ndls address also went long
does it mean anything ^
Dkk
2:21
NDLS and Fordham took a very long time last year. It's good info for people to know.
[] baddestbunny
4:29
let’s get after it boys and girls
Dkk
5:21
I gtg to bed soon.
Dkk
5:22
Big day today. Gunna be a crazy one. I will sleep through the first half.
good morning lsd it is 5 am EST
also jazzy my ndls address went long ages ago i sadly do not think it means anything
my stanford address also went long LOL i think at most it's an indicator it's under review
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