Legal Definitions - international person

An international person is an entity that is recognized under international law as having its own distinct legal identity. This means it possesses specific rights, responsibilities, and the capacity to act or be acted upon within the global legal system. Such entities can participate in international affairs, enter into agreements, or be held accountable under international rules, much like individuals or corporations have legal standing within national systems.

Here are some examples to illustrate this concept:

• A Sovereign State: The nation of Brazil is an international person. It has the right to govern its own territory without interference from other nations (sovereignty) and the duty to uphold international treaties it has signed, such as those concerning human rights or environmental protection. Brazil can enter into trade agreements with other countries, join international organizations like the United Nations, and even bring or defend cases before international courts, demonstrating its full capacity to act and be recognized on the international stage.

• An International Organization: The European Union (EU) is another example of an international person. Although it is composed of many member states, the EU itself has a distinct legal personality under international law. It can negotiate and sign international treaties on behalf of its members (for instance, trade agreements with other countries), establish diplomatic relations with non-EU states, and has its own legal framework that applies across its member countries. This shows its ability to act as a unified entity with rights and duties in the global arena.

• A Unique Non-State Actor: The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) holds a special status as an international person, particularly under international humanitarian law. While not a state or a typical intergovernmental organization, the ICRC is granted specific rights and duties by the Geneva Conventions, which are international treaties. For example, it has the right to visit prisoners of war, provide humanitarian aid in conflict zones, and engage in confidential dialogue with warring parties. States have a duty to allow the ICRC to perform these functions, recognizing its unique capacity to operate and be respected within specific international legal contexts.