Legal Definitions - Manifest

The term "manifest" has two primary meanings in a legal and general context:

• 1. Clearly Apparent or Obvious:

  Something that is manifest is unmistakably clear, evident, or obvious, leaving no reasonable doubt. It refers to a situation or fact that is so plain it cannot be disputed.

  • Example 1 (Legal Error):

    During a trial, if a judge makes a ruling that is a manifestabuse of discretion, it means the decision was so clearly unreasonable or improper that it stands out as an undeniable error, potentially leading a higher court to overturn it.

    Explanation: This illustrates "manifest" as something undeniably clear and obvious. The judge's error is not subtle but glaringly apparent to any reasonable observer.

  • Example 2 (Contractual Intent):

    If two parties sign a contract where their intent to form a binding agreement is manifest from the document's language and their actions, it means their intention is clearly and undeniably expressed, even if not explicitly stated in every clause.

    Explanation: Here, "manifest" indicates that the intention is evident and undeniable from the surrounding circumstances and written terms, leaving no room for argument about whether an agreement was intended.

• 2. A Document Listing Contents or Passengers:

  A manifest is also a formal document, often required by law, that provides a detailed list of goods, cargo, or passengers being transported by a vehicle, vessel, or aircraft. The act of creating or submitting such a document can also be referred to as "manifesting."

  • Example 1 (Shipping Cargo):

    Before an international freight shipment can be loaded onto a container ship, the shipping company must prepare and submit a cargo manifest to customs authorities, detailing the type, quantity, and value of all goods on board.

    Explanation: This example uses "manifest" as the specific document required for customs and shipping, listing the contents of the cargo.

  • Example 2 (Airline Passengers):

    In the event of an emergency or accident, an airline will refer to the flight's passenger manifest to identify everyone who was on board, including their names and any special assistance requirements.

    Explanation: Here, "manifest" refers to the official list of passengers, which is crucial for safety, emergency response, and record-keeping.