Legal Definitions - public law

Public law refers to the body of law that governs the relationship between individuals and the government, as well as the structure, powers, and operations of the government itself. It defines the rights and obligations of citizens in relation to the state and regulates how governmental bodies exercise their authority. Key areas within public law include constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law.

Additionally, the term "public law" can refer to a specific statute or act passed by a legislative body (like Congress or a state legislature) that affects the general public, rather than a specific individual or private entity. When referring to federal legislation, it is often abbreviated as Pub. L. or P.L.

Here are some examples illustrating public law:

• Example 1: Criminal Prosecution

  Imagine a situation where a person is arrested and charged by the state prosecutor's office for driving under the influence (DUI). This scenario falls squarely under public law because it involves the government (the state) prosecuting an individual for violating a criminal statute. Criminal law is a fundamental component of public law, as it establishes societal rules and the government's power to enforce them and punish offenders, thereby regulating the relationship between the state and its citizens.

• Example 2: Challenging a Government Agency Decision

  Consider a small business that receives a notice from a federal environmental protection agency, stating that their operations are not in compliance with new air quality regulations and imposing a significant fine. If the business believes the agency misinterpreted the regulations or applied them unfairly, they might appeal the decision through an administrative hearing process. This interaction is governed by public law, specifically administrative law, which dictates how government agencies operate, make decisions, and how individuals or entities can challenge those decisions. It illustrates the legal framework for government action and accountability.

• Example 3: A New Federal Healthcare Act

  Suppose the U.S. Congress passes a comprehensive new law establishing a national framework for healthcare coverage, mandating certain benefits, and creating new regulatory bodies to oversee its implementation. This act would be referred to as a "public law" (e.g., Pub. L. 111-148 for the Affordable Care Act). It is a public law because it is a statute enacted by the government that affects the rights, responsibilities, and welfare of the general population, rather than a specific private party. Its creation and enforcement are rooted in constitutional law, which defines Congress's power to legislate for the public good.