Legal Definitions - totality-of-the-circumstances test

Definition: The totality-of-the-circumstances test is a standard used in criminal procedure to determine whether hearsay, such as an informant's tip, is reliable enough to establish probable cause for an arrest or search warrant. This test considers the entire situation described in the probable-cause affidavit, rather than focusing on any one specific factor. It replaced the two-pronged approach of the Aguilar-Spinelli test.

Example: In Illinois v. Gates, the Supreme Court used the totality-of-the-circumstances test to determine whether an anonymous letter was reliable enough to establish probable cause for a search warrant. The court considered the content of the letter, the credibility of the informant, and other factors to determine that the letter was reliable enough to establish probable cause.

This example illustrates how the totality-of-the-circumstances test considers all relevant factors in determining the reliability of hearsay, rather than relying on a specific set of criteria.