Legal Definitions - Article III

Article III refers to the third article of the United States Constitution. This foundational section establishes the judicial branch of the federal government, outlining its structure, powers, and limitations.

Specifically, Article III:

• Creates the Supreme Court of the United States.
• Authorizes Congress to establish lower federal courts as needed.
• Defines the types of cases and controversies that these federal courts have the authority to hear (known as "jurisdiction"). This includes cases involving federal law, treaties, the U.S. Constitution, disputes between states, and certain cases between citizens of different states or involving foreign entities.
• Ensures the independence of federal judges by providing them with lifetime tenure (they serve "during good behavior") and protecting their salaries from reduction.

A judge appointed under the provisions of Article III is known as an Article III judge. Similarly, a court established by Congress under the authority of Article III is an Article III court.

Examples:

• Example 1: Federal Question Jurisdiction

  Imagine a scenario where a group of citizens files a lawsuit against the federal government, arguing that a newly enacted federal environmental regulation violates their constitutional right to due process. This case would be heard in an Article III court, such as a U.S. District Court.

  Explanation: Article III grants federal courts jurisdiction over "cases arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States." Because this lawsuit directly involves the interpretation and application of the U.S. Constitution and a federal law, it falls squarely within the federal judiciary's authority as defined by Article III.

• Example 2: Diversity Jurisdiction

  Consider a situation where a software developer living in Florida sues a technology company based in Delaware for breach of contract, seeking $500,000 in damages. Even though this is a contract dispute (often handled by state courts), it could potentially be heard in a federal court.

  Explanation: Article III extends federal judicial power to "controversies between citizens of different states." This is known as diversity jurisdiction. If the amount in dispute exceeds a certain threshold (currently $75,000) and the parties are from different states, an Article III court can hear the case. This provision helps ensure a neutral forum, preventing potential bias that might arise if the case were heard in a state court where one party is a local resident.

• Example 3: Judicial Independence

  A U.S. District Court judge, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, issues a ruling that is highly unpopular with the current political administration. Despite public criticism, the judge cannot be easily removed from office, nor can their salary be cut as a form of retaliation.

  Explanation: This judge is an Article III judge. Article III of the Constitution guarantees that federal judges "shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour" and that their "Compensation shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office." This provision ensures judicial independence, allowing judges to make decisions based on the law and facts without fear of political reprisal, which is a cornerstone of the federal judiciary.